. Introduction to botany. Botany. TIMBER; FORESTEY 113 group oaks, elms, and ashes; in another, oaks and hicko- ries; in another, beeches and maples (fig. 95). Along the fertile river bottoms of the ^Middle AVest one may often find a combination of sycamores, oaks, ashes, black walnuts, elms, and hackberries. 106. Tolerant and intolerant trees. A tree which can endure a good deal of shade is said to be tolerant. Examples of this are the hemlock and red spruce, among conifers, and the beech and maple, among hard woods. Trees wliich requu"e mucli light are said to be bitol- erant. Examples
. Introduction to botany. Botany. TIMBER; FORESTEY 113 group oaks, elms, and ashes; in another, oaks and hicko- ries; in another, beeches and maples (fig. 95). Along the fertile river bottoms of the ^Middle AVest one may often find a combination of sycamores, oaks, ashes, black walnuts, elms, and hackberries. 106. Tolerant and intolerant trees. A tree which can endure a good deal of shade is said to be tolerant. Examples of this are the hemlock and red spruce, among conifers, and the beech and maple, among hard woods. Trees wliich requu"e mucli light are said to be bitol- erant. Examples are the white pine and the larch, among conifers, and the oaks, hicko- ries, and chestnuts, among hard woods. As a rule, seed- lings require far less light to begin life than is needed to enable the mature tree to reach its maximum size. So it often happens that seedlmg trees may survive for years on the forest floor, making but little growth until the decay and fall of overshadowing trees, their destruction by wind, or their removal by the lumber- man enables the seedling to grow rapidly into a large tree. The relative tolerance of trees is an important topic in prac- tical forestry, since the succession of forest growths often depends largely upon this factor. White-pine seedlings could not be made to grow under a good stand of pine or hemlock timber, but young hemlocks or red spruces would succeed there. On the other hand, white-pine seedUngs can grow in an aspen forest, and white oak and maple seedlings can grow in an oak-maple Fig. 95. Primeval deciduous mixed forest of maple and beech. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917; Caldwell, Otis William, 1869- joint author. Boston, New York, [etc. ] Ginn and company
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