. The story of the nineteenth century of the Christian era. pments, both, of the greater inventions of the tele-graph and the printing-press, they were in a sense fittingaccompaniments to those new phases of intellectual prog-ress which were making education the property of themasses rather than of the individual, regulating labor sothat it was support rather than servitude, and introducingmore of comfort and manliness into the harsher conditionsof daily life. Philanthropy is not alone an element ofcharity ; it is an element of progress as well; and whateversimphfies labor and softens drudgery
. The story of the nineteenth century of the Christian era. pments, both, of the greater inventions of the tele-graph and the printing-press, they were in a sense fittingaccompaniments to those new phases of intellectual prog-ress which were making education the property of themasses rather than of the individual, regulating labor sothat it was support rather than servitude, and introducingmore of comfort and manliness into the harsher conditionsof daily life. Philanthropy is not alone an element ofcharity ; it is an element of progress as well; and whateversimphfies labor and softens drudgery is as helpful asphilanthropy and as welcome as benevolence. In 1885 education was extending not only to the teach-ings of the schools, but to the instruction of the people inall helpful and elevating ways. In certain nations it hadbecome a function of government, and Bismarcks rule inGermany had grown into a paternal as well as a supervis-ing authority. An independent people is apt to object tothis paternahsm, however, and neither England nor America 326. TYPES OF THE ) Hugo . „„ „„ „„, „^, 1 Grant AGE OF TOLSTOI ) Wagnef Gladstone Tolstoi R. L. Stevenson THE NATIONS EXTEND THEIR INFLUENCE. 327 could have been developed by such methods as Germanyhad been. The German government co-operated with theGerman people, and had become indeed government byregulation. It regulated hotels and railroads, telegraphsand nursing, the sale of provisions and the health of cities,even athletics and advertising; it advised with scientificexactness, and endeavored to combine benevolence withjustice. School attendance was compulsory, and everyfield of life and labor was cared for by men taught anddrilled for their especial work. It was a great scheme forphysical and intellectual development, but people are everapt to rebel against too much management. At the head of the German nation stood in 1889, after athousand years of the Fatherlands struggle toward suprem-acy, a representative o
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