. Scottish geographical magazine. The characteristicfeature of the plants of marsh or bog is that on the one hand their rootsand other parts buried in the substratum show adaptation to a life inwater, while, on the other hand, their aerial parts either resemble thoseof mesophytic land-plants, or they assume the form of reduced leavesand other adaptations suited to periods of drought. For fuller detailsof these adaptations of structure, some of the special works on plantecology should be referred to ( Schimper, 1903; Warming, 1896,etc.). The distinction of fresh-water aquatic associations f
. Scottish geographical magazine. The characteristicfeature of the plants of marsh or bog is that on the one hand their rootsand other parts buried in the substratum show adaptation to a life inwater, while, on the other hand, their aerial parts either resemble thoseof mesophytic land-plants, or they assume the form of reduced leavesand other adaptations suited to periods of drought. For fuller detailsof these adaptations of structure, some of the special works on plantecology should be referred to ( Schimper, 1903; Warming, 1896,etc.). The distinction of fresh-water aquatic associations from thosepeculiar to marshes and bogs is based on the one hand on differences 78 SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. in substratum, on the other hand on differences in the type of distinction between the plant associations of marsh and bog isreferred to later. Fresh-Water Aquatic Vegetation. The plant associations which make up this vegetation occur chieflyin the lochs, although smaller areas may be found in ponds and other. huUf t T j * Horsetail. Water Dropwort. = Bur-reed. t = Water Parsnip. Slender-beaked Sedge. Fig. 15.—The Bog-bean Pond. The pond always contains water from springs; the arrowindicates the outflow. The deepest part is free from vegetation.—(W. G. Smith.) small patches of water. The plants themselves are hydrophytes, adaptedby external form and internal structure to an existence in water. Theseadaptations have frequently been described in recent literature (, 1903; Wanning, 1896; Goebel, 1893; Boulger, 1900, etc.).It is generally accepted that plants inhabiting fresh water have a widegeographical range, and the present area offers opportunities for examin-ing this to some extent. It is a feature of the lochs of Perth and Forfarthat they occur in two fairly distinct zones, a lowland series situated inthe lowland valleys, and a highland series in the mountains. Mr. Abram BOTANICAL SURVEY OF SCOTLAND. 79 Sturrock (1880), who
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