. A century of biological research. Illinois. Natural History Survey Division. no Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 27. Art. contrast, we find that in sprayed orchards to per cent, or an average of per cent, of the fruit is womiy. Thus, we find that, in spite of adversities and re- verses, continued research has developed control measures that have enabled apple growers to reduce the percentage of a dozen important scale insects alone. One scale insect of great importance is the San Jose scale, which was introduced into California from China about 1880 and into Illinoi
. A century of biological research. Illinois. Natural History Survey Division. no Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 27. Art. contrast, we find that in sprayed orchards to per cent, or an average of per cent, of the fruit is womiy. Thus, we find that, in spite of adversities and re- verses, continued research has developed control measures that have enabled apple growers to reduce the percentage of a dozen important scale insects alone. One scale insect of great importance is the San Jose scale, which was introduced into California from China about 1880 and into Illinois about 1895. For a time this scale threatened to wipe out the Illi- nois commercial fruit industrv. Parasites,. >pray; equipment designed and used aDout lsy7 Dy tde Mate Entomologist and his assist- ants for experiments on control of San Jose scale. '"The principal apparatus used is a large and complicated machine sprayer consisting of a one-horse power gasoline engine, a three-cylinder force pump, and a large double galvanized-iron tank with a powerful gasoline heater beneath for making the solution of whale-oil soap" (Forbes 1900:14j|. The sprayer was mounted on a r»To-horse baggage wagon. worm-damaged apples from possibly 60 to 100 per cent in 1867 to 21 per cent in 1885. per cent in 1915, and 2,2 per cent in 1957. If it appears that entomologists have devoted too much attention to this one insect, let us recall that codling moth re- search has been the traditional guinea pig for the study of many insect control pro- cedures, and that the measures developed for the control of the codling moth for the most part have given satisfacton con- trol of a considerable number of other pests of apples. A list of the insects attacking fruit crops in Illinois would no doubt include 100 or more species. There are at least predators, and diseases have played an im- portant role in holding this insect at bay, but for over 50 years orchardists have found it necessary t
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