. The Canadian field-naturalist. 464 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 114 or boulders, in steady currents at depths of up to 1 metre. General Biology Although the specific biology of Lampsilis fascio- la is not well known, general unionid biology is applicable (USFWS 1994*). The Wavy-rayed Lampmussel is a medium-sized, sexually dimorphic mussel that has been shown to Uve at least 10 years (Kidd 1973; Dennis 1984), but rarely more than 20 years (G. T. Watters, Ohio State University, personal communication, June 1998). During spawning, males release sperm into the water and females liv- ing do
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 464 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 114 or boulders, in steady currents at depths of up to 1 metre. General Biology Although the specific biology of Lampsilis fascio- la is not well known, general unionid biology is applicable (USFWS 1994*). The Wavy-rayed Lampmussel is a medium-sized, sexually dimorphic mussel that has been shown to Uve at least 10 years (Kidd 1973; Dennis 1984), but rarely more than 20 years (G. T. Watters, Ohio State University, personal communication, June 1998). During spawning, males release sperm into the water and females liv- ing downstream take in the sperm via their incurrent siphons. Female mussels brood their young from the egg to the larval stage in their gills, using the posteri- or portions of their outer gills as marsupia. The shell of the female is distended along the posterior ventral margin to accommodate the expanded gill pouches, a feature that is called a marsupial swelling. Lampsilis fasciola is a long-term brooder (bradytictic). Spawning occurs in August, and glochidia (larvae) are released the following May through August in Virginia (Zale and Neves 1982) and July through August in Canada (Clarke 1981). Glochidia may also be released in the autumn of the same year that they spawn (Watters and O'Dee 1996). In females of the genus Lampsilis, the edge of the mantle has evolved into a minnow-shaped lure (Strayer and Jirka 1997). When the glochidia are ready for release, the female waves her lure to attract potential fish hosts. Figure 3 shows the typical lure of a female L. fasciola, which was observed at a site on the Grand River in 1997. Females displaying unusual reddish-orange mantle flaps were also observed. It is believed that the two variations in mantle flap morphology, which may occur in the same population, represent either pronounced poly- morphism or sibling species (A. E. Bogan, Curator of Aquatic Invertebrates, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, personal communicat
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