Uzbekistan: Entrance to the Ark fortress, Bukhara. The Ark was initially built and occupied around the 5th century CE. In addition to being a military structure, the Ark encompassed what was essentially a town that, during much of the fortress' history, was inhabited by the various royal courts that held sway over the region surrounding Bukhara. The Ark was used as a fortress until it fell to Russia in 1920. Bukhara was founded in 500 BCE in the area now called the Ark. However, the Bukhara oasis had been inhabited long before, and became one of the main centres of Persian civilisation.

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