. Manual of fruit insects. ons, for secondbrood of codlin-moth. The Codlin-Moth Carpocapsa pomonella Linnaeus This is by all odds the most destructive insect enemy of theapple. Originally a native of southeastern Europe, it has nowbecome nearly cosmopolitan, occurring in all the apple-growingregions of the world. It was introduced into New Englandsome time before 1750, and spread gradually westward, reach-ing Iowa about 1860, Utah in 1870 and California about 1874.^he^amQunLofjnjmy_to_the crop varies greati^L^^with theclimate. In the Northern states and Canada the injury in un-protected orchar
. Manual of fruit insects. ons, for secondbrood of codlin-moth. The Codlin-Moth Carpocapsa pomonella Linnaeus This is by all odds the most destructive insect enemy of theapple. Originally a native of southeastern Europe, it has nowbecome nearly cosmopolitan, occurring in all the apple-growingregions of the world. It was introduced into New Englandsome time before 1750, and spread gradually westward, reach-ing Iowa about 1860, Utah in 1870 and California about 1874.^he^amQunLofjnjmy_to_the crop varies greati^L^^with theclimate. In the Northern states and Canada the injury in un-protected orchards averages from 25 to 50 per cent of the crop,while in the South and in the warmer valleys of some of the farWestern states losses of from 60 to 95 per cent are not uncom-mon. This greater destructiveness of the moth in the Southis the result of the longer growing season, which permits moregenerations to develop than are possible in the North. Thelarvae of later generations are much more numerous than the APPLE INSECTS 11. first, and the injury consequently greater. Quaintarice in 1909 estimated the annual loss to the fruit industry of the United States from this insect alone at over $16,000,000, three fourths of this being direct injury to the crop and the other one fourth the cost of spraying and spray materials. Almost invariably the codlin-moth hibernates as a larva in tough silken cocoons under loose pieces of bark, in crevices in the tree or in near-by fences, or in other suitable shelter (Fig. 5). In orchards of smooth-barked trees where no better place is available they will spin their cocoons in cracks in the ground and at the base of the trunk. The cocoon is ^ ^ „. Fig. 5. — Codlin-moth rather thm, but quite tough, and is made larva in its cocoon on alargely of silk in which are mixed bits of bark-flakc (x 2).the substance on which it is made. It is lined with white silk, and the outside is renderedquite inconspicuous by the addi-tion of bits of dirt and
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