. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. Decomposition of organic matter CO2 in air jf'^ " IMPLANTS: CO2 in water and Carbohydrates, fats, proteins bicarbonates Limestone, coal, oil carbonates, etc. FIG. I 1-2 The carbon eyeh nitrites (NO;) and nitrates (NO3) through the ac- tion of autotrophic bacteria: the process is called nitrification. Other types of bacteria act on ammonia in the process of denitrification. by which nitrogen (No) is liberated into the atmosphere. Nitrogen is removed from the air by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria which live either freely in the soil or as symbionts in the roo
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. Decomposition of organic matter CO2 in air jf'^ " IMPLANTS: CO2 in water and Carbohydrates, fats, proteins bicarbonates Limestone, coal, oil carbonates, etc. FIG. I 1-2 The carbon eyeh nitrites (NO;) and nitrates (NO3) through the ac- tion of autotrophic bacteria: the process is called nitrification. Other types of bacteria act on ammonia in the process of denitrification. by which nitrogen (No) is liberated into the atmosphere. Nitrogen is removed from the air by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria which live either freely in the soil or as symbionts in the root nodules of legumes and some non-legumes; Ceanothus, Elaeagnus. Alnus, and Myrica. among others. Some blue-green algae, fungi, and yeasts also fix nitrogen. Nitrates and perhaps also the simpler nitrogen compounds are absorbed and used by plants for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins. Ammonia compounds, nitrates, and other substances are added to the soil in small amounts with rainfall: sources of these nitrogen compounds are volcanic eruptions, terrestrial decomposition, and atmosphere nitrogen fixed by lightning. An attempt to estimate the quan- tities of nitrogen involved in the different parts of the cycle has been made by Hutchinson (1944). Carbon cycle Animals obtain much of their carbon, as well as nitrogen, from plants, although some forms are also able to fix carbon directly from salts dissolved in water (Hammen and Osborne 1959). In photosyn- thesis, carbon dioxide obtained from the air and from dissolved bicarbonates in the substratum is combined with water to form carbohydrates, a portion of which may be converted to fats. Plants combine carbon with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulphur to form proteins. Carbon dioxide in the air comes chiefly from the respiration of animals, but small amounts arise from the respiration of plants, the decay and fermentation of organic matter, springs, volcanic action, and solution of sedimentary rock. Volcanoes were probab
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