. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 2007 Shaffer et al.: White-faced Ibis in Northern Prairie and Parkland 51. Figure 3. Records of White-faced Ibis occurrences in North Dakota during the twentieth century and 2001-2002. by county. Asterisics (*) denote counties in which nesting activity has been observed during the twentieth century and 2001-2003. ed by other researchers in the northern prairie and park- land region (Peabody 1896; Dinsmore and Dinsmore 1986; Mollhoff 2001). Based on our findings, we be- lieve that the status of ibis in North Dakota is that o
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 2007 Shaffer et al.: White-faced Ibis in Northern Prairie and Parkland 51. Figure 3. Records of White-faced Ibis occurrences in North Dakota during the twentieth century and 2001-2002. by county. Asterisics (*) denote counties in which nesting activity has been observed during the twentieth century and 2001-2003. ed by other researchers in the northern prairie and park- land region (Peabody 1896; Dinsmore and Dinsmore 1986; Mollhoff 2001). Based on our findings, we be- lieve that the status of ibis in North Dakota is that of a fairly common migrant and a locally uncommon breed- er east of the Missouri River and a casual migrant west of the Missouri River. Of the ten known wetlands that have contained nest- ing ibis, most are under federal management. These wetlands are protected from drainage and tillage; there- fore, thick stands of cattails and other tall wetland veg- etation are able to become established in some years (Table 1). These wetlands also may experience higher levels of human visitation than privately owned wet- lands. More human visits, either by federal employees conducting biological surveys or by bird watchers and nature enthusiasts visiting the NWRs. WPAs, and other federal properties, could explain the greater number of reports of nesting activity on federally managed properties. Because ibises were present as vagrants in some parts of the northern prairie and parkland region in the late nineteenth century, several authors have speculated that the presence of breeding colonies in the twentieth cen- tury was not so much an expansion of the species' range as it was the reclamation of portions of the species" for- mer range (Ryder and Manry 1994; Dinsmore et al. 1984). Goossen et al. (1995) advanced several explana- tions for the expansion of breeding ibises into Canada, which included population growth; loss of habitat to draining, flooding, or drought in other portions of
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