. The Bell System technical journal . ion Avas discovered as a result of funda-mental research directed toAA^ard gaining a better understanding of thesurface properties of semiconductors. Following World War II, intensiA^eprograms on the properties of germanium and silicon AAere undertakenat the Laboratories under the direction of William Shockley and S. One group in this program engaged in a study of the bodyproperties of semi-conductors, and another on the surface John Bardeen served as theoretical physicist and R. B. Gibney aschemist for both groups. These iuAestiga
. The Bell System technical journal . ion Avas discovered as a result of funda-mental research directed toAA^ard gaining a better understanding of thesurface properties of semiconductors. Following World War II, intensiA^eprograms on the properties of germanium and silicon AAere undertakenat the Laboratories under the direction of William Shockley and S. One group in this program engaged in a study of the bodyproperties of semi-conductors, and another on the surface John Bardeen served as theoretical physicist and R. B. Gibney aschemist for both groups. These iuAestigations, Avhich resulted in the in-\ention of the transistor, made extensiA^e use of knoAvledge and tech-niques developed by scientists here and elscAvhere, particularly by mem-bers of the Laboratories—R. S. Ohl, J. H. Scaff and H. C. Theuerer. Since the transistor Avas announced, little more than eight years ago,it has become increasingly important in Avhat has been called the neAv 11 THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, NOVEMBER 195G. The Nobel Prize winners in an historic photograph taken in 1948 when the annonncement of the invention of the transistor icas made. Left to right, John Bardccn, William Shockley and Walter H. Brattain. electronics age. As new transistors and related semiconductor devicesare developed and improved, the possible fields of application for thesedevices increase to such an extent that they may truly be said to haverevolutionized the electronics art. The invention of the transistor, basis for the Nobel Prize award,represents an outstanding example of the combination of research team-work and individual achievement in the Bell System that has meant so;much to the rapid development of modern communications systems. Dr. Brattain received a degree from Whitman College in 1924, degree from the University of Oregon in 1926, and a degreefrom the University of Minnesota in 1928. He joined Bell TelephoneLaboratories in 1929, and his early work
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