. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. ACTINOPTERYGIAN INTERRELATIONSHIPS • Ldiidcr (ind LicDi 169. Figure 52. Interrelationships of the major labroid lineages based on the following specialized characters: 1, United or fused fifth ceratobranchials; 2, true diarthrosis between upper pharyngeal jaws and basicranium; 3, undivided sphincter oesophagi muscle; 4, strong sheet of connective tissue joining lower jaw with a ligament, which inserts on the ceratohyal bone; 5, nipple-like bony process on ventral surface of lower pharyngeal jaw; 6, pharyngo-cleithral
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. ACTINOPTERYGIAN INTERRELATIONSHIPS • Ldiidcr (ind LicDi 169. Figure 52. Interrelationships of the major labroid lineages based on the following specialized characters: 1, United or fused fifth ceratobranchials; 2, true diarthrosis between upper pharyngeal jaws and basicranium; 3, undivided sphincter oesophagi muscle; 4, strong sheet of connective tissue joining lower jaw with a ligament, which inserts on the ceratohyal bone; 5, nipple-like bony process on ventral surface of lower pharyngeal jaw; 6, pharyngo-cleithral articulation of characteristic form; 7, obliquus posterior dominant muscle to lower pharyngeal jaw; levator externus 4 and obliquus posterior vertically aligned on fourth epibranchial, separated by oblique aponeurosis or tendon; 8, transversus dorsalis muscle subdivided into four parts; 9, premaxillae and maxillae functionally decoupled; 10, cartilagenous cap on anterior border of epibranchial 2; 11, microbranchiospinae of characteristic form present on outer faces of second, third, and fourth gill arches; 12, Ao and A„ portions of adductor mandibulae complex separated completely; insertion of large ventral division of A, onto angulo-articular; 13, head of epibranchial 4 distinctly expanded; 14, intra-uterine development of young with highly modified vascularized median fins; 15, muscular sheet joining A, and A.,.3 portions of adductor mandibulae; 16, levator posterior dominant muscle to the lower pharyngeal jaw, forming a force couple with the pha- ryngocleithralis muscle; 17, toothplates of fourth pharyngobranchials absent or reduced; 18, fourth epibranchials highly modified, articulating with upper pharyngeal jaws; 19, true pharyngo-cleithral articulation functioning as sliding and hinge joint; 20, levator externus 4 is a continuous muscle joining prootic region to muscular process on lower jaw; 21, predisposition for insertion of levator posterior muscle on lower pharyn
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