. The American annual of photography. MARIE LEONHARD. Wm. Shewell Ellis. reason is simple. Flicker is entirely due to the shutter used toobscure the objective during the rapid change from one filmpicture to another, and in the cheapest grade of toy apparatusthe shutter is omitted altogether. Thus, the juvenile exhibitorof lithographed motion films in a continuous band may haveplenty of jerkiness and some raininess, but he escapes theuneven alternations of light and darkness which give rise toflickering. Projectors showing a disagreeable flicker will nearly alwaysprove to be fitted with the old


. The American annual of photography. MARIE LEONHARD. Wm. Shewell Ellis. reason is simple. Flicker is entirely due to the shutter used toobscure the objective during the rapid change from one filmpicture to another, and in the cheapest grade of toy apparatusthe shutter is omitted altogether. Thus, the juvenile exhibitorof lithographed motion films in a continuous band may haveplenty of jerkiness and some raininess, but he escapes theuneven alternations of light and darkness which give rise toflickering. Projectors showing a disagreeable flicker will nearly alwaysprove to be fitted with the old type of single-bladed shutter,forming a sector of from one-sixth to one-quarter of a using the latter, the period of light is obviously threetimes as long as the period of darkness, as shown at A inFigure 5. If we were deliberately trying to produce flickerit would scarcely be possible to find a more certain means thanis provided by such inequality and abruptness. The remedy is to equalize the intervals of light and dark


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