. Research methods in ecology. Plant ecology. IN DETAIL 297 are consequently much less conspicuous than the facias. A close inspection of the societies formed by principal species shows that they are far from uniform. Since they usually fail to exhibit distinct parts, it becomes neces- sary to approach the question of their structure from a new standpoint. Such is afforded by ag^gregation, which yields the simplest group in vegeta- tion, i. e., that of parent and offspring. This is so exactly a family in the ordinary sense that there seems to be ample warrant for violating a canon of terminolo
. Research methods in ecology. Plant ecology. IN DETAIL 297 are consequently much less conspicuous than the facias. A close inspection of the societies formed by principal species shows that they are far from uniform. Since they usually fail to exhibit distinct parts, it becomes neces- sary to approach the question of their structure from a new standpoint. Such is afforded by ag^gregation, which yields the simplest group in vegeta- tion, i. e., that of parent and offspring. This is so exactly a family in the ordinary sense that there seems to be ample warrant for violating a canon of terminology by using the word for this group, in spite of its very different application in taxonomy. It has already been shown that aggregation fur- tWlF'ii'fddticeS a ' of families, which may properly be called a com-. Fig. 78. Calthetum ( Caltha leptosepala), a consocies of the alpine bog formation. munity. As they are used here, family and community become equally ap- plicable to the association of plants, animals, or man. Both families and communities occur regularly in each society of the formation, and they repre- sent its two structures. In some cases, all the families are grouped in com- munities, two. or more of which then form the society. Very frequently, however, families occur singly, without reference to a community, and the two then constitute independent parts of the same area. This is typically the case wherever gregarious species are present, since these are merely family groups produced by Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Clements, Frederic E. (Frederic Edward), 1874-1945. Lincoln, Neb. , University Pub. Co.
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