. Eastern forest insects . COURTESY CONN. AGR. EXPT. STA. Figure 15.—Adult and nymphal spittle masses of the pine spittlebug, Aphrophora parallela. the pine spittle bug. The opening up of closed stands and pruning of dead and dying limbs to reduce the amount of material suitable for oviposition are recommended as control practices. The Saratoga spittlebug, Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch), oc- curs in southeastern Canada and eastern United States from Maine to Minnesota, and south through the Appalachians to Florida. In the nymphal stage it feeds on a wide variety of herbs and shrubs. Sweet fer
. Eastern forest insects . COURTESY CONN. AGR. EXPT. STA. Figure 15.—Adult and nymphal spittle masses of the pine spittlebug, Aphrophora parallela. the pine spittle bug. The opening up of closed stands and pruning of dead and dying limbs to reduce the amount of material suitable for oviposition are recommended as control practices. The Saratoga spittlebug, Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch), oc- curs in southeastern Canada and eastern United States from Maine to Minnesota, and south through the Appalachians to Florida. In the nymphal stage it feeds on a wide variety of herbs and shrubs. Sweet fern, brambles, prairie willow, and aspen sprouts are preferred by fourth and fifth instar nymphs. The adults feed on red, jack, white, Virginia, pitch, and loblolly pines; white spruce; balsam fir; and tamarack. In the Lake States, red pine is hit hardest and jack pine ranks second. Heavy infestations in the Lake States have destroyed entire red pine plantations. The adult is about 9 to 10 mm. long, light brown to tan in color, with a light, irregular stripe on the head and pronotum and with oblique, wavy markings on the wing covers. The abdomen of the fourth instar nymph is scarlet, edged with black. Fifth instar nymphs are dark brown. Adults are active from late June to late September. In the Lake States, the majority appear in late July. They feed by inserting their mouth parts into the cortex of new and old shoots of the host, mostly on two-year-old internodes, and extracting sap. This causes the formation of necrotic resin-filled pockets in the phloem and xylem tissues. Damaged pines are characterized by the pres- ence of reddish-brown "flags" of dead foliage, by numerous punc- tures on the twigs covered with small drops of resin, and by light 72
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectforestinsects
