. Railroad construction. Theory and practice . 12% Loose vegetable surface soil. * ^ 15% It may be noticed from the above table that the harder andcleaner the material the less is the contraction. Perfectly cleangravel or sand would not probably change volume above coefficients of shrinkage and expansion may be usedto form the following convenient table. Material. To make 1000 cubic yards of embankment will require 1000 cubic yardsmeasured m exca-vation will make Gravel or sand 1087 cubic yards nil • 1186 1176 714 * 625 measured in excavation 920 cubic yards Clay 900 I joam 880
. Railroad construction. Theory and practice . 12% Loose vegetable surface soil. * ^ 15% It may be noticed from the above table that the harder andcleaner the material the less is the contraction. Perfectly cleangravel or sand would not probably change volume above coefficients of shrinkage and expansion may be usedto form the following convenient table. Material. To make 1000 cubic yards of embankment will require 1000 cubic yardsmeasured m exca-vation will make Gravel or sand 1087 cubic yards nil • 1186 1176 714 * 625 measured in excavation 920 cubic yards Clay 900 I joam 880 Loose vegetable soil Rock, large pieces small 850 1400 1600 of embanknient. 97. Allowance for shrinkage. On account of the initial ex-pansion and subsequent contraction of earth, it becomes neces-sary to form embankments higher than their required ultimateform in order to allow for the subsequent shrinkage. As theshrinkage appears to be all vertical (practically), the embank-ment must be formed as shown in Fig. 58. The effect of shrink-.
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