. A short history of England and the British Empire. don, their growth was slow. This was due largely to the narrowand selfish policy of thecraft gilds: their mon-opoly was dear tothe master workmen;they were reluctant toadmit new masters intotheir gilds; nor did theycare to give places tothe newer crafts; andthey clung to the oldregulations and restric-tions long after thesewere out of Butin the interior of west-ern and northern Eng-land were a number ofgrowing villages wheretrade was unrestrictedand gilds were no bar,and to these the craftsmen repaired who had found the door _, closed
. A short history of England and the British Empire. don, their growth was slow. This was due largely to the narrowand selfish policy of thecraft gilds: their mon-opoly was dear tothe master workmen;they were reluctant toadmit new masters intotheir gilds; nor did theycare to give places tothe newer crafts; andthey clung to the oldregulations and restric-tions long after thesewere out of Butin the interior of west-ern and northern Eng-land were a number ofgrowing villages wheretrade was unrestrictedand gilds were no bar,and to these the craftsmen repaired who had found the door _, closed elsewhere. In this way there grew up such The new towns. J & \_, important industrial centers as Manchester, Birm-ingham, Sheffield, and Leeds. 187. Edward IV: Benevolences. The growing passionfor commercial ventures even seized on the English IV was a business man as well as a ruler. It did notalways suit his purposes to have parliament in session, forEdward IV liked to govern without interference; and he there- 1 Review sec. Edward IV RICHARD III: DOWNFALL OF YORKIST DYNASTY 211 fore was compelled to find revenues by other means. He triedforced gifts from the wealthy, which were euphemisticallycalled These were not always Financialjoyfully given, though it is told that an elderly methods ofEnglishwoman liked the handsome kings appear- warance so well that she gave him twenty pounds instead of theten that he asked for; King Edward gratefully kissed her andshe doubled the amount once He also tried to raisefunds by commercial speculations. These were doubtfulsources of revenue; but fortunately Edward did not engageactively in foreign warfare and had therefore no need of extraor-dinary sums. 188. Richard III:3 the Downfall of the Yorkist IV died in 1483. His young son Edward V is countedas his successor, though he never ruled. The boywas seized by his vigorous uncle Richard anddeprived first of power and later of life. The u
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