. A commentary on the scientific writings of J. Willard Gibbs. Gibbs, Joniah Willard, 1839-1908; Science; Thermodynamics. 668 RICE ART. L the liquid pressure in the films between A and B, etc. is practi- cally equal to that in the gas. This state of affairs causes the "suction" referred to by Gibbs on page 309, and the liquid is forced by this excess of pressure from the films into the channels, thus assisting other influences such as gravity in the draining of the films. When a film of soap solution is drawn up from a mass of such solution at the mouth of a cup, we have a ring shape
. A commentary on the scientific writings of J. Willard Gibbs. Gibbs, Joniah Willard, 1839-1908; Science; Thermodynamics. 668 RICE ART. L the liquid pressure in the films between A and B, etc. is practi- cally equal to that in the gas. This state of affairs causes the "suction" referred to by Gibbs on page 309, and the liquid is forced by this excess of pressure from the films into the channels, thus assisting other influences such as gravity in the draining of the films. When a film of soap solution is drawn up from a mass of such solution at the mouth of a cup, we have a ring shaped channel of this kind where the film meets the horizontal. surface of the general mass and into this "Gibbs ring" there is a considerable draining of the film by this suction and gravity. 59. The Black Stage of a Soap Film In general a newly formed soap film passes through a regular succession of changes. Recently, much more light has been thrown on the nature of the succession by improvement in the methods for preventing mechanical shock, sudden large changes of temperature and, more especially, contamination of the solu- tion. In this way it has been shown that the fundamental change is the thinning down to the black stage, so that the black stage is the only film in true equilibrium. It is true that it can hardly be called a stable equilibrium in the accepted sense of stability since the black stage is extremely susceptible to me-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Donnan, F. G. (Frederick George), 1870-1956; Haas, Arthur Erich, 1884-1941. New Haven, Yale University Press; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press
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