. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . INFLUENCE OF DETAIL OF MANUFACTURE 399 TABLE XC —TEEMING PRACTICE AT AiMERICAN RAIL MILLS (Compilwi by Committee on Rail, Am. Ky. Eng. Assn., 1909, and revised by the author 1912). Note. — Information from R. W. Hunt & Co., except that marked (*), which was obtained direct from manufacturers by thecommittee. t Compiled by author. The unsoundness of the ingot results from several causes: 1. A funnel-shaped cavity or pipe at the top of the ingot. 2. Dispersed cavit
. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . INFLUENCE OF DETAIL OF MANUFACTURE 399 TABLE XC —TEEMING PRACTICE AT AiMERICAN RAIL MILLS (Compilwi by Committee on Rail, Am. Ky. Eng. Assn., 1909, and revised by the author 1912). Note. — Information from R. W. Hunt & Co., except that marked (*), which was obtained direct from manufacturers by thecommittee. t Compiled by author. The unsoundness of the ingot results from several causes: 1. A funnel-shaped cavity or pipe at the top of the ingot. 2. Dispersed cavities or blowholes throughout the ingot. 3. Segiegation of the impurities of the steel, as silicon, phosphorus, man- ganese, etc., from the mass of the metal and their concentrationin different parts of the ingot. The pipe is due to the contraction of the interior of the mass after the out-side has set. After molten steel has been cast into an iron mold, the metal incontact with the bottom and the sides begins first to a relatively short while the top of the ingot, which isexposed to the cooling action of the air, also becomes solidand the ingot now consists of a rigid metallic shell holdinga mass of molten steel, as shown in Fig. 275. As the coolingproceeds this solid shell increases
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