. The development of American nationality. ed in Porto Rico. The Philippines wereleft until 1902 under the control of the President, who in 1900appointed Judge William Howard Taft of Ohio as the case of both regions special tariffs were established,with the difference that Porto Rico was ultimately to havefree trade with the United States, while in the case of thePhilippines duties were to be permanently collected on goodssent from the islands to the United States, though theywere lower than those on foreign imports. The act of 492 THE SPANISH WAR AND DIPLOMACY 1902 for the permane
. The development of American nationality. ed in Porto Rico. The Philippines wereleft until 1902 under the control of the President, who in 1900appointed Judge William Howard Taft of Ohio as the case of both regions special tariffs were established,with the difference that Porto Rico was ultimately to havefree trade with the United States, while in the case of thePhilippines duties were to be permanently collected on goodssent from the islands to the United States, though theywere lower than those on foreign imports. The act of 492 THE SPANISH WAR AND DIPLOMACY 1902 for the permanent organization of the Philippines,moreover, though it extended the other constitutionalguarantees of personal liberty to the islands and providedfor a legislative assembly, did not provide for jury trial orthe right to bear arms. Taking it as a whole, therefore,this legislation placed the Philippines in the rank of a colonyand not of a coequal part of the United States. The actionof Congress in thus making rules to govern territory abso-. The United States and its Possessions lutely without regard for the restrictions placed on its powerby the Constitution was contrary to the theory involvedin the Dred Scott decision. In 1901 the Supreme Court, inwhat are known as the Insular Cases, sustained Congressand practically reversed that decision. In the meantimethe government was promoting the development of theislands, improving the sanitation of the cities, transportation,and particularly education. So successful were the methodsemployed, that by 1912 English was as commonly used asSpanish had been previously. In 1899 the United States UNITED STATES AS A WORLD POWER 493 came into the possession of another colony by an agree-ment with Great Britain and Germany, in accordance withwhich the independence of the Samoan Islands was abrogatedand the islands divided between Germany and the UnitedStates. In 1898 Hawaii had been incorporated into theUnited States by joint resolution as in th
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