. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology. Fig. 8 Lower branchial arches of Sundasalanx malleti (anterior to left); A = ceratobranchial 1-5, B = hypobranchial 4, C = basibranchial 1-2, D = basibranchial 3, E = anterior and posterior ceratohyals. F = hypohyal, G = basihyal, scale bar = 1 Fig. 9 Dorsal view of left side upper gill arch elements of Sundasalanx malleti (anterior to left); A = epibranchial 1. B = epibranchial 4. C = tooth plates (circles indicate tooth positions diagramatically). D = pharyngobranchial 2-4, scale bar = mm. 3 articulates broadly with the anterior end
. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology. Fig. 8 Lower branchial arches of Sundasalanx malleti (anterior to left); A = ceratobranchial 1-5, B = hypobranchial 4, C = basibranchial 1-2, D = basibranchial 3, E = anterior and posterior ceratohyals. F = hypohyal, G = basihyal, scale bar = 1 Fig. 9 Dorsal view of left side upper gill arch elements of Sundasalanx malleti (anterior to left); A = epibranchial 1. B = epibranchial 4. C = tooth plates (circles indicate tooth positions diagramatically). D = pharyngobranchial 2-4, scale bar = mm. 3 articulates broadly with the anterior end of pharyngobranchial 4. A large tooth plate is associated with the ventral surface of the poste- rior half of pharyngobranchial uncinate process of epibranchial 3 is modified to form a canal for efferent artery 3. The artery is completely ringed inS. praecox, so that the lateral end of epibranchial 3 looks similar to the lateral end of epibranchial 4. It is almost completely ringed inS. platyrhynchus, but only partially encircled in 5. malleti, S. mesops, and 5. megalops. Epibranchial 2 is also short, but with a long uncinate process that articulates with the lateral edge of pharyngobranchial 3, the point of articulation on pharyngo- branchial 3 drawn out to form an 'uncinate' process in S. malleti. Pharyngobranchial 2 is much longer than wide, extending from the medial edge of epibranchial 2 in an anteromedial direction to the tip of pharyngobranchial 3. No tooth plate was found to be associated with pharyngobranchial 2. Epibranchial 1 is narrow near the articu- lation with ceratobranchial 1, broadly spatulate at its medial edge. It possesses a long uncinate process that articulates with the uncinate process of pharyngobranchial 2. A separate pharyngobranchial 1 was not observed. Enlargement of epibranchial 1 may be the result of fusion between it and pharyngobranchial 1, or of failure of condensation of pharyngobranchial 1 from the epi-pharyngobranchial anlagen in a sh
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