. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. 41 ENSO effects which caused bleaching directly, were important at only a few of the reported sites. Other ENSO effects, degradation effects, and light effects may have synergistically intensified bleach- ing. CAUSE OF THE 1982-83 EVENTS Some of the 1982-83 bleaching bouts were probably caused by obvious increases in overall seawater temperature as indicated by the SST data (Glynn, 1984a; Glynn et al., 1989). Much of the remainder was probably due to ENSO effects which allowed local, inshore temperature to inc
. Atoll research bulletin. Coral reefs and islands; Marine biology; Marine sciences. 41 ENSO effects which caused bleaching directly, were important at only a few of the reported sites. Other ENSO effects, degradation effects, and light effects may have synergistically intensified bleach- ing. CAUSE OF THE 1982-83 EVENTS Some of the 1982-83 bleaching bouts were probably caused by obvious increases in overall seawater temperature as indicated by the SST data (Glynn, 1984a; Glynn et al., 1989). Much of the remainder was probably due to ENSO effects which allowed local, inshore temperature to increase as in 1986-88. Since many local temperatures were not recorded or recorded for only brief periods, the role of temperature cannot be determined for many areas. The 20 temperature recorders in place in the Caribbean in 1988 (Wicklund PC) may help to obtain this information for future events just as a recorder in place on the coral reef in Okinawa confirmed temperature as the cause of the 1980 coral reef bleaching there (Yamazato, 1981). The underlying cause was again probably the increase in temperatures world-wide and the deterioration of coastal areas and coral reefs all over the world. DETERIORATION OF CORAL REEFS RESILIENCE MORTALITIES OP HOST. BLEACHING. WARMING TREND TEMPERATURE Figure 4: Model of the causes of world-wide coral reef bleaching. Elevated temperatures sufficient to bleach hosts are attained seasonally when augmented by the general warming trend and ENSO or other temporary warming events. The general deterioration of the coral reefs has lowered the resilience of the hosts making bleaching damage more serious. The three seasonal peaks of temperature also represent the preceding, main, and following events as shown in Figure 1. The preceding and following events only cause bleaching because they are on the "shoulders" of the temporary warming event; while the main event produces more severe bleaching and mortalities because it occurs at the heigh
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