. Diseases of bees. Bees. The bacteria of American foulbrood are hardy compared with the average forms of germs. If they were not so hardy they would not be able to continue the disease in spite of all adverse conditions to which they are subjected in attempted control measures. This point is im- portant because of its bearing upon the apparent disappearance of the disease in the treated colonies and apriary and the unexplained ap- pearance of the disease at a later time. The spores remain capable of producing bacteria for 30 or 40 years, so that when the material is once contaminated it is ex
. Diseases of bees. Bees. The bacteria of American foulbrood are hardy compared with the average forms of germs. If they were not so hardy they would not be able to continue the disease in spite of all adverse conditions to which they are subjected in attempted control measures. This point is im- portant because of its bearing upon the apparent disappearance of the disease in the treated colonies and apriary and the unexplained ap- pearance of the disease at a later time. The spores remain capable of producing bacteria for 30 or 40 years, so that when the material is once contaminated it is exceedingly difficult to say that all possible sources of re-contamination have been eliminated. One must know how the disease works and appreciate the dangers in handling infected material, in order to conduct a proper fight against the spread of the disease. It is also necessary to appreciate the ravages of the disease in order that one may be care- ful arid use the necessary precautions in the treatment of the disease and the disposal of infected material. Diagnostic Characters: The larvae which are infected with the bacteria causing American foulbrood usually reach maturity and the cells are capped. Death occurs, however, except in rare cases, before the larvae have an opportunity to change to the pupal stage. The bac- teria seem to require seven days to cause the death of the larvae. Apparntly the bees are inquisitive to learn why certain sealed cells are not giving forth adult bees. Consequently a tiny hole is gnawed in the capping, which is all that is needed for the bees to tell the condition inside. In the early stage of the disease the character which will attract the attention of the beekeeper in the colony is sunken, discolored and perforated caps on a few scattered cells thruout the brood area. If these cells are examined early in the development of the disease, it will be found that the larvae are discolored and appear a shade of chocolate. If the examination is mad
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