. Beginners' Zoology . irst bend of the intestines (Fig. 255).What is its shape ? A bile duct connects the liver with the small intestine {Dc, ). It passes through thepancreas, from which it re-ceives several pancreaticducts. After many turns, thesmall intestine joins the largeintestine. The last part ofthe large intestine is calledthe rectum (Latin, straight).The last part of the rectum iscalled the cloaca (Latin, adrain), and into it the ductsfrom the kidneys and the re-productive glands also kidneys are large, elon-gated, and flat. They He un-der the dorsal wall. The urinary
. Beginners' Zoology . irst bend of the intestines (Fig. 255).What is its shape ? A bile duct connects the liver with the small intestine {Dc, ). It passes through thepancreas, from which it re-ceives several pancreaticducts. After many turns, thesmall intestine joins the largeintestine. The last part ofthe large intestine is calledthe rectum (Latin, straight).The last part of the rectum iscalled the cloaca (Latin, adrain), and into it the ductsfrom the kidneys and the re-productive glands also kidneys are large, elon-gated, and flat. They He un-der the dorsal wall. The urinary bladder is also large. Doesthe salamander have a similar digestive system? (Fig. 256)Why are the liver and the lungs (Fig. 256) longer in asalamander than in a frog? Respiration. — How many lungs? Are they simpleor lobed ? (Fig. 256.) A lung cut open is seen to bebaglike, with numerous ridges on its inner increases the surface with which the air may comein contact. In the walls of the lungs are numerous. Fig. 256. —Anatomy of Sala-mander. 7rt,heart; 2,lungs; ^rt,stomach; J^,in-testine; 3 c, large intestine; 4, liver;5, egg masses; /o, bladder; //, vent. BATRACHIA 135 capillaries. Does the frog breathe with viouth opvji orclosed? Does the frog have any ribs for expanding thechest ? What part of the head expands and contracts ?Is this motion repeated at a slow or a rapid rate? Regu-larly or irregularly ? There are valves in the nostrils foropening and closing them. Is there any indication ofopening and closing as the throat expands and contracts ?The mouth and throat (pharynx) are filled with air eachtime the throat swells, and the exchange of gases (whichgases?) takes place continually through their walls andthe walls of the lungs. At intervals the air is forcedthrough the glottis into the lungs. After a short timeit is expelled from the lungs by the muscular abdominalwalls, which press upon the abdominal organs, and soupon the lungs. Immediately the air is for
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