. The cankerworms. Canker-worms; Fruit. In cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1238. Washington, D. C. October 15,1924 THE By B. A. Pobteb, Entomologist, and C. H. Alden, Scientific Assistant, Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction „ . 1 Economic history 2 Scientific history 3 Synonymy 4 Common names 4 Differences between the species 5 Food plants 5 Distribution 6 Fall cankerworm 6 Spring cankerworm 6 Means of dissemination 6 Economic importance 8 Fall cankerworm 9 Descriptions 9 Seasona
. The cankerworms. Canker-worms; Fruit. In cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1238. Washington, D. C. October 15,1924 THE By B. A. Pobteb, Entomologist, and C. H. Alden, Scientific Assistant, Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction „ . 1 Economic history 2 Scientific history 3 Synonymy 4 Common names 4 Differences between the species 5 Food plants 5 Distribution 6 Fall cankerworm 6 Spring cankerworm 6 Means of dissemination 6 Economic importance 8 Fall cankerworm 9 Descriptions 9 Seasonal history and habits ' 11 Page. Spring cankerworm 20 Descriptions 20 Seasonal history and habits 22 Natural control 28 Weather conditions 28 Diseases 29 Starvation 29 Birds 29 Insect enemies 30 Other enemies 31 Control measures 32 Cultivation 32 Spraying 32 Mechanical barriers 33 Summary 35 Literature cited 36 INTRODUCTION. The fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria Harris) and the spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata Peck) have been known in New England for more than two centuries, and in the Mississippi Valley for three-quarters of a century. The studies which form the basis of this bulletin were carried on at the laboratory maintained by the Bureau of Entomology at Wallingford, Conn., in cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven, for the study of insects affecting deciduous fruit trees. With the exception of one small isolated orchard which was badly infested with the spring cankerworm until the owners commenced spraying, neither species has been seriously abundant in the vicinity of Wal- lingford the past few years, although both were present in fair numbers. The two species have much in common, and wherever possible they have been treated together. 1 The work upon which this bulletin is based was done under the direction of Dr. A. L. Quaintance. The life-history work in connection with the spring species was carried on largely by the ju
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