. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 2003 Smith: Winter Bird Use of Urban and Rural Habitats 177 The latter category includes the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Farm areas had a predominance of birds in the 40-100 gram range, which includes the Snow Bunting (Plectro- phenax nivalis) and Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) (Figure 1). Guilds Of food-based feeding guilds, the percentage of insectivorous birds differed most (statistically signifi- cance P < ) among habitats (Table 3). Forests, with percent, had the highest percentage
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 2003 Smith: Winter Bird Use of Urban and Rural Habitats 177 The latter category includes the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Farm areas had a predominance of birds in the 40-100 gram range, which includes the Snow Bunting (Plectro- phenax nivalis) and Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) (Figure 1). Guilds Of food-based feeding guilds, the percentage of insectivorous birds differed most (statistically signifi- cance P < ) among habitats (Table 3). Forests, with percent, had the highest percentage of insec- tivores, followed by farms ( percent) and mixed rural habitats ( percent). Cities had only per- cent insectivorous birds. This pattern shows small insectivorous bird species were more indicative of natural, rural forest conditions. Rural mixed habitat shows the highest proportion of carnivorous birds. No significant differences were found among habitat categories for the percentages of omnivores, grani- vores, herbivores or frugivores (Table 3). The percentage of four substrate-based guilds dif- fered significantly (P < ) among habitat categories (Table 3). Ground-gleaning and foraging species pre- dominated in all urban and farm habitats. Lower canopy species were also important in urban natural areas and rural mixed habitats. In forests, a more even distribution is evident with significant proportions of birds that forage in the upper and lower canopy, on tree trunks and on the ground. Species Composition Species showing significant differences (P < ) in abundance among the seven habitat categories are shown in Table 4. Of the fifteen most common spe- cies only Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus), Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), and Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) failed to show signi- ficant differences among habitat categories, all species subject to periodic extreme peaks in winter abundance (Bock and Lepthien 1976; Root 19
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