. The American fruit culturist. by preserving a softer bark. For this reason, manyplants may be more easily propagated in England than in theUnited States; and more readily in Ireland than in England. Layering is largely made use of for propagating the grape,occasionally for the quince, and sometimes for the apple. Itis also of very extensive application in propagating many or-namental trees and shrubs. Suckers may be regarded as spontaneous layers, the newshoots being sent up from buds on the roots or portions ofthe stem beneath the surface of the ground. They are muchemployed in multiplying
. The American fruit culturist. by preserving a softer bark. For this reason, manyplants may be more easily propagated in England than in theUnited States; and more readily in Ireland than in England. Layering is largely made use of for propagating the grape,occasionally for the quince, and sometimes for the apple. Itis also of very extensive application in propagating many or-namental trees and shrubs. Suckers may be regarded as spontaneous layers, the newshoots being sent up from buds on the roots or portions ofthe stem beneath the surface of the ground. They are muchemployed in multiplying most species of the raspberry. Therunners of strawberries may be regarded as layers or suckersabove ground. III. Grafting. Upwards of twenty different modifications of grafting werementioned by the ancient Roman writer, Varro; and Thouin,of Paris, has described and figured more than a hundredkinds. The great number of modes given in books has tendedrather to bewilder than to enlighten beginners; the following 28 PRO PA GA remarks, therefore, are more for the purpose of laying downreasons on which success depends, than for pointing out thepeculiar modes of operation, which may be varied accordingto convenience, provided attention is given to the essentialparticulars. Propagation by grafting differs mainly and essentially fromincreasing by cuttings, by inserting the cutting into the grow-ing stock of another tree instead of directly into the stock thus supplies the sap, as the soil does in the case ofa cutting; and the graft, instead of making roots of its own,becomes firmly united with the stock by means of the new-growing wood. Hence there are two chief requisites for suc-cess ; the first, that the graft be so set in the stock, that the sap may flow up-ward without in-terruption ; andthe second, thatthe forming-wood may ex-tend downward uninterruptedly through theinner bark. To effect these two requisites, itis needful, first, that the operation be performedwith
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