. Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 372 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. vertebrae possess long processes to which muscles of the back are attached. Compare the vertebral column of the frog and man in the following respects: Is there a distinct neck region? Are ribs present ? Are the ribs attached to the vertebrae? How many vertebrae in man bear ribs ? In man a flat bone to which certain of the ribs are at- tached is found on the ventral midline of the skeleton. This bone, called the sternum, is so small in the frog that you will not be abl
. Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology. Biology. 372 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. vertebrae possess long processes to which muscles of the back are attached. Compare the vertebral column of the frog and man in the following respects: Is there a distinct neck region? Are ribs present ? Are the ribs attached to the vertebrae? How many vertebrae in man bear ribs ? In man a flat bone to which certain of the ribs are at- tached is found on the ventral midline of the skeleton. This bone, called the sternum, is so small in the frog that you will not be able to see it. Are all the ribs in man attached to the breastbone or sternum ? How many ribs are free from the breastbone? Notice, in the frog, the peculiar long bone at the pos- terior end of the spinal column; this bone is called the urostyle. No homol- ogous bone is found in man. Look at the vertebral column of man; notice that it is shaped somewhat like the letter S. The bodies of the vertebrae, piled one upon the other, form a col- umn of enough strength to support the whole body. The double curve of the vertebral column combines elasticity with strength. Structure of a Vertebra in Man.— Observe a single vertebra of man; it will be found, in a general way, to con- sist of two regions, a solid rounded por- tion called the centrum or body, and a bony arch from which are given off the processes referred to above. Within this arch (called the neural arch) is found the spinal column or nerve cord. Thus, the vertebrae form a wonderful protection for this most delicate of all organs; and, with the bony covering of the skull, protect the central nervous system. Skeleton of man; CR., cranium; CL., clavicle; ST., sternum; SC, scapula; H., humerus; , vertebral column; R., radius and ulna; P., pelvic girdle; C, carpals; MC, metacarpals; Ph., phalanges; F., femur; Fi., fibula; T. tibia; Tar., tarsals; MT., metatarsals. Adaptations in the Vertebral Column.—The vertebral column in
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