India: Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948), preeminent political and ideological leader of India's independence movement, with his personal secretary Mahadev Desai (1892-1942), c. 1940. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He pioneered satyagraha. This is defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total non-violence. This concept helped India gain independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom globally.

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