The elements of botany for The elements of botany for beginners and for schools elementsbotany00gray Year: 1887 134 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. shown in Fig. 444, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Tliose of Buttouwood (Fig. 447) are larger, and are here liiglily magnified besides. The figures sliow the way wood-eclls are commonly put together, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping eaeh other, â spUced together, as it were, â thus giving more strength and toughness. In hard woods, sueh as Hickory and Oak, the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense;
The elements of botany for The elements of botany for beginners and for schools elementsbotany00gray Year: 1887 134 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. shown in Fig. 444, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Tliose of Buttouwood (Fig. 447) are larger, and are here liiglily magnified besides. The figures sliow the way wood-eclls are commonly put together, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping eaeh other, â spUced together, as it were, â thus giving more strength and toughness. In hard woods, sueh as Hickory and Oak, the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense; while in soft woods, such as White-Piue and Basswood, they are thinner. 411. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and tougher than those of the proper wood,- and appear more like fibres. For example. Fig. 44G represents a cell of the wood of Basswood of average length, and Fig. 444 one (and part of another) of the fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale. As these long cells form the principal part of fibrous bark, or bast, they are named Bast-cells or Bast-fibres. These give the great tough- ness and flexibility to the inner bark of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of Leatherwood; and they furnish the invaluable fibres of flax and hemp; the proper wood of their stems being tender, brittle, and de- stroyed by the processes which separate for use the tough and sleuder bast-cells. In Leather- wood (Dirca) the bast-cells are remarkably slender. A view of one, if magnified on the scale of Fig. 444, would be a foot and a half long. 412. The wood-cells of Piues, \\^ 1 ~ e ^ \ C; . \ 9 e\ 'â ) c) n o lc> O G 0 A 0 '/i®\ G / q1 Q of 0 0 448 449 and more or less of all other Coniferous trees, have on two of their sides very peculiar disk-shaped markings (Fig. 44S-450) by which that kind of wood is recognizable. 413. Ducts, also called Vessels, are mostly larger than wood-cells: indeed, some of them, as in Bed Oak, have calibre large enough to be discerned on
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