. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . road ofheavy grades means, it seems desirable todescribe in a few words the operatingconditions on the Norfolk & WesternRailway where regeneration has been usedwith success. The profile of the electrified portion ofthe road, including the famous Elkhorngrade, is shown by Fig. 1. Commencing ixpericnce and skill are necessary to taketUiwn the long empties safely and intact,with the use of air brakes. .\ train moving down the cent grade between Coaldale andCooper represents con
. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . road ofheavy grades means, it seems desirable todescribe in a few words the operatingconditions on the Norfolk & WesternRailway where regeneration has been usedwith success. The profile of the electrified portion ofthe road, including the famous Elkhorngrade, is shown by Fig. 1. Commencing ixpericnce and skill are necessary to taketUiwn the long empties safely and intact,with the use of air brakes. .\ train moving down the cent grade between Coaldale andCooper represents considerable storediiicrgy when expressed in foot pounds orliorsepowcr. The horsepower can be cal-culated as follows: For each 1 per centgrade the downward pull is 20 lbs. perton ; i. e., if it requires 20 lbs. per ton tolift the train up the grade (disregardingtrain resistance for the time being) thenthe same energy exists to move the traindown the grade. On the per centgrade there will be then lbs. per ton,The train resistance must be subtractedfrom this figure as it tends to hold the. FIG. 1. MAP AND PROFILE OF ELKHORN GRADE ELECTRIFICATION NORFOLKWESTERN RAILWAY. at East Vivian, the average grade for 5^amiles is per cent; for the next S%miles the average grade is per centwith a maximum of IA per cent; for thenext four miles the average is percent with a maximum of 2 per cent, theheaviest grade being through the Elkhorntunnel. Practically all coal is the freight han-dled, collected from numerous coal minesin the vicinity of Vivian and between thatpoint and Columbus, Ohio. This meansthat the load is practically all one wayagainst the grade, and therefore extremelyheavy drafts of power are required fromthe power house. The trains are made up on an averageof 45 cars, totaling tons, exclusiveof the locomotive. The empties are madeup into long trains, so that when descend-ing the grade from Coaldale considerable train back. Allowing 7 lbs. per ton forth
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