The National cyclopædia of American biography : being the history of the United States as illustrated in the lives of the founders, builders, and defenders of the republic, and of the men and women who are doing the work and moulding the thought of the present time, edited by distinguished biographers, selected from each state, revised and approved by the most eminent historians, scholars, and statesmen of the day . tial than the physical bodyin which they tabernacle, and in union with whicheach organic being is constituted a dual the same volume, the current or wave theory ofsoun
The National cyclopædia of American biography : being the history of the United States as illustrated in the lives of the founders, builders, and defenders of the republic, and of the men and women who are doing the work and moulding the thought of the present time, edited by distinguished biographers, selected from each state, revised and approved by the most eminent historians, scholars, and statesmen of the day . tial than the physical bodyin which they tabernacle, and in union with whicheach organic being is constituted a dual the same volume, the current or wave theory ofsound was also attacked, and the new or substantialtheory advanced, as more in harmony with the ob-vious forces, facts, and laws of nature. This theorywas based upon the general position that every forceof nature, whether physical, vital, mental, or spirit-ual, is a substantial entity. Sound, like other formsof physical force, e. g. light, heat, and electricity,strictly speaking, is not made, but liberated. Suchliberation is the effect of the sudden stops and startsof the material substance of the fork, string, or anyother vibrational body, the atmosphere, wood, water,or iron, through which the sound-pulses pass, beingbut their conducting medium—any motion of suchmedium caused at the time by the vibration of suchliberating body being but incidental. Consistentwith these views, he maintains that motion, per IMpi%a 88 THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA is absolutely nothing, being the mere position of any-substantial thing in space changing from one placeto another. In setting forth his substantial theoryof sound, he assailed the writings of Tyndall, Helm-boltz, and Mayer, the leading acousticians of the•world. In 1881 Mr. Hall established the Micro-cosm, which he made the organ of substantialism,which in modern metaphysics is the antithesis ofspeculative idealism. In 1883 Lebanon Valley col-lege, Pa., conferred upon him the degree of 1885 he received that of from the Fl
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