. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. 4o8 HISTORY OF EUROPE tories were turned into arsenals; church bells were melted intocannon. The heroism and elan of the young French recruits,who charged to battle convinced that they were summoned todie for Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity and for theRights of Man, proved more than a match for the ill-paidmercenaries of the old-line monarchical armies. The admirablefighting qualities of the French privates and sub-officers morethan made up for frequently mediocre generalship. Above all,at Paris there was a great war-minister,
. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. 4o8 HISTORY OF EUROPE tories were turned into arsenals; church bells were melted intocannon. The heroism and elan of the young French recruits,who charged to battle convinced that they were summoned todie for Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity and for theRights of Man, proved more than a match for the ill-paidmercenaries of the old-line monarchical armies. The admirablefighting qualities of the French privates and sub-officers morethan made up for frequently mediocre generalship. Above all,at Paris there was a great war-minister, Carnot, the organizerof victory, who, though not a great strategist himself, managedeverything, inspired the fourteen armies,collected munitions,and made the success in the field possible. To summarizethis colossal war is impossible. By a prodigious exertion theRepublic actually put 750,000 men, arrayed in thirteen sepa-rate armies, in the field at once — forces such as no power inEurope had ever armed before. The French were sometimesbeaten, but never ruine
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