. Collected reprints, Essa Institute for Oceanography. Oceanography 140 INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC REVIEW been accepted by the Coast and Geodetic Survey for series of one year, the Doodson method as treated by Lennon (1965), the Murray (1963) least squares method, and the Munk-Cartwright (1966) method. The data, hourly heights of tide, included Atlantic City (1939), Swansea (1961-1962), and San Francisco (1931 and 1939). Atlantic City Comparisons This is the only test in the study that involves all five methods. Table 1 shows the results obtained by analyzing the data, predicting
. Collected reprints, Essa Institute for Oceanography. Oceanography 140 INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC REVIEW been accepted by the Coast and Geodetic Survey for series of one year, the Doodson method as treated by Lennon (1965), the Murray (1963) least squares method, and the Munk-Cartwright (1966) method. The data, hourly heights of tide, included Atlantic City (1939), Swansea (1961-1962), and San Francisco (1931 and 1939). Atlantic City Comparisons This is the only test in the study that involves all five methods. Table 1 shows the results obtained by analyzing the data, predicting for the same period by using the derived constants, subtracting the predictions from the observations, and examining the residuals. At first, only the total variance of the residuals was obtained, but it quickly became obvious that a more refined procedure was needed because the small differences between total variances appeared relatively insignificant. Therefore, the power spectra were calculated to permit comparisons of residual energy at various fre- quencies. A peak of energy in the low frequencies shows up clearly on figure 1 (the spectrum of residuals from the Doodson method), even though 10' 10" SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF ATLANTIC CITY RESIDUALS DOODSON ANALYSIS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Frequency in cpd Fig. 1. — Spectrum of residuals from Doodson method for Atlantic City, 1939. the energy scale (vertical) is logarithmic. Atlantic City is directly on the open coast and the shallow water fetch is short. Hence, the non-linear interaction terms (ordinarily manifested as compound tides in the high frequencies) are small. However, the station is wide open to the effect of all storms on the North Atlantic and the results confirm that the noise is due to storms having effective periods of greater than a day. Figure 2 shows the large daily fluctuations in mean sea level for the year Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may ha
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