. The historians' history of the world; a comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages: . join with him in driving out the pashaappointed by the sultan and in makingEgypt independent. The rebellion wassuccessful, and Egypt enjoyed a periodof prosperity under Ali Bey, who evenextended his power by conquests in Syriaand Arabia. Prosperity did not long con-tinue, however; in 1771 Muhammed Bey, who had been his favourite mameluke, rebelled against him and with the aidof Alls enemies drove him out of the country and
. The historians' history of the world; a comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages: . join with him in driving out the pashaappointed by the sultan and in makingEgypt independent. The rebellion wassuccessful, and Egypt enjoyed a periodof prosperity under Ali Bey, who evenextended his power by conquests in Syriaand Arabia. Prosperity did not long con-tinue, however; in 1771 Muhammed Bey, who had been his favourite mameluke, rebelled against him and with the aidof Alls enemies drove him out of the country and himself became sheikhal-beled. Ali, upon trying to effect a return, wac captured and poisoned byMuhanmied. A turbulent period followed Muhammeds death; the positionof sheikh al-beled was disputed by the three beys, Ismail, Ibrahim, andMurad, and the power was finally divided between the last two. In 1785 aTurkish force under Hasan Pasha was sent against the rebellious beys andoccupi(;d Cairo, but the war with Russia recalled this force, and the countrywas ruled first by Ismail and then by Ibrahmi and Murad, until, in 1798,the French under Bonaparte landed in Egj^ THE FRENCH EXPEDITION TO EGYPT (1798 ) The defeats of the Turks, the increasing disorders of their administration,the independent aspirations of Greece and Servia, the incessant revolts ofthe pashas—everything led Europe to believe in the near end of the Ottoman 448 SOME MINOR STATES [1798-1801 ] domination. The Directory judged it advisable not only to have its sharein the dismembennent of the empire, but to seize that share in advance, onits own responsibility and without the participation of Europe; hence anexpeilition into lOgypt was resolved upon. Though the expedition had pre-sented numerous chances of success, it proved a great mistake. The Portewas easily persuaded that France had no other object than to chastise themamelukes, to re-establish its coimnerce, and to find a passage to Fran
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