Heat engineering; a text book of applied thermodynamics for engineers and students in technical schools . terial to brightness unlessthe heat is removed by some method. Fig. 190 illustrates oneform of burner. In the Bone-Schnabel boiler this method isapplied, the combustion taking place in the boiler flues which arecither filled with small pieces of a refractory substance or rodsof the same. The heat of combustion then heats these substancesso that the heat is transmitted to the tube surface by radiationand by conduction so readily that not only is the capacity in-creased but the efficiency is
Heat engineering; a text book of applied thermodynamics for engineers and students in technical schools . terial to brightness unlessthe heat is removed by some method. Fig. 190 illustrates oneform of burner. In the Bone-Schnabel boiler this method isapplied, the combustion taking place in the boiler flues which arecither filled with small pieces of a refractory substance or rodsof the same. The heat of combustion then heats these substancesso that the heat is transmitted to the tube surface by radiationand by conduction so readily that not only is the capacity in-creased but the efficiency is greatly increased due to the lowtemperature of the combustion is tests quoted in the Journalof the for Jan.,1914, p. 09, G. Neuman re-ports a test on one of theseboilers showing an evapora-tion of to lbs. persquare foot of surface and anefficiency of 90 per cent. The porous filling not onlycauses the gas to move at a higher velocity relative to the tubebut these heated objects maintain combustion and thoroughlymix the gas and air preventing Fig. 190. -Burner for surface com-bustion. TOPICS Topic 1.—Sketch the cycles of Beau de Rochas, Atkinson, Otto, Lenoir,and Diesel. Explain the action on each line and reduce expressions for thethermal efficiency of each cycle. Topic 2.—From the efficiency of the Otto cycle on the air standard = 1 Tt-Tb Td — T c Reduce the expressions = 1 ~ = 1 (ft)- 1 + Give reasons for the impossibility of reducing the expressions for efficiencyof the other cycles by this method. What is meant by air standard? Topic 3.—Explain the action of a four-cycle gas engine and a two-cycle oilengine. Draw cards from each. Explain how these engines are the methods of ignition. 408 HEAT ENGINEERING Topic 4.—What affects the rapidity of combustion? Draw an indicatorcard showing slow burning. Sketch a curve showing the variation of gastemperature in a four-cycle gas engine. Is there
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