. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 232 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM African connections developed in Albian-Turonian times, and concluded that free surface-water connections between north-west Africa and the south-west Indian Ocean were established by Middle Turonian times. This accords with our data, with the exception that no trans-Saharan connection was postulated before the early Turonian (Reyment et al. 1976; Reyment 1980b). The occurrence of Brachycythere gr. sapucariensis in the Cenomanian of Tunisia, Gabon, and north-wes
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 232 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM African connections developed in Albian-Turonian times, and concluded that free surface-water connections between north-west Africa and the south-west Indian Ocean were established by Middle Turonian times. This accords with our data, with the exception that no trans-Saharan connection was postulated before the early Turonian (Reyment et al. 1976; Reyment 1980b). The occurrence of Brachycythere gr. sapucariensis in the Cenomanian of Tunisia, Gabon, and north-west Brazil (see Table 6) shows that at least temporary communication must have been established by early Cenomanian times, presumably across the Sahara, but conceivably around north-west Africa across the Brazil-west Africa land bridge (Fig. 53A). Neither B. longicaudata nor H. haughtoni has been recorded from west Africa, Brazil and north Africa, but both of the genera involved have a longer history in these areas than in the western Indian Ocean region (Tables 6, 9): Brachycythere gr. or cf. sapucariensis appears in the Lower Cenomanian of Tunisia and Upper (possibly Lower) Cenomanian of Gabon, and ranges into the Lower Coniacian (Brazil), while several species of 'Haughtonileberis' have been recorded from Gabon (Grosdidier 1979), the earliest of which is Upper Albian. In addition, four other species of Brachycythere occur in Lower Turonian, or older. limit of Pondoina near BH9 (Santonian) Upper Cenomanian land areas edge of deep-sea basins B Lower Turonian Fig. 53. Cenomanian and Turonian ostracod distributions, migrations, and intercontinental relationships. A. Upper Cenomanian. B. Lower Turonian. Abbreviations—large type: M = Morocco, TU = Tunisia, E = Egypt, SA = Saudi Arabia, I = Iran, TA = Tanzania, SE = south-east Africa, G = Gabon, BR = Brazil; small type: B = Brachycythere, H = Haughtonileberis, P = Pondoina. 1 = Brazil-west Africa land bridge. 2 = Walvis-Rio Gr
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