. Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society. far as ex-amined, contained neither black matter nor stones, andmay have silted up gradually. No trace of the Vallummounds was noted : at some points, indeed, there was notroom for them ever to have existed, so that we maysuppose them not to have been thrown up near the absence of the Vallum mounds will be noted againat Carrawbrough, and is an additional argument (inter alia)for the non-military character of the work. If the workhad a defensive value, the ramparts could hardly beomitted. These excava
. Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society. far as ex-amined, contained neither black matter nor stones, andmay have silted up gradually. No trace of the Vallummounds was noted : at some points, indeed, there was notroom for them ever to have existed, so that we maysuppose them not to have been thrown up near the absence of the Vallum mounds will be noted againat Carrawbrough, and is an additional argument (inter alia)for the non-military character of the work. If the workhad a defensive value, the ramparts could hardly beomitted. These excavations were superintended by ProfessorPelham, , , Mr. Hodgson, and myself. (ii.) The deviation of the Vallum at Birdoswald suggestedthe propriety of excavations at Carrawbrough (Procolitia),which also stands directly in the path of the Vallum. Thesewere made with the permission of Mr. J. B. Clayton, ofthe Chesters, and of the farmer, Mr. Gibson, by ProfessorPelham and myself, and though not part of the Cumber-land Excavation Committees work, may be conveniently described. REPORT ON THE CUMBERLAND EXCAVATIONS. 4I7 described here.* At Carrawbrough the mounds and ditchof the Vallum are clearly visible on the moor east andwest of the fort, and if their course were continued in thenatural straight line, they would run through the fort,but no trace is discernible in its near neighbourhood. Ourtrenches shewed that on the east side the ditch runs onin a straight line towards the fort till within 40 feet fromit, as at Birdoswald : it is unaccompanied by the 85 feet from the rampart it is a broad ditch, once, per-haps, 28-30 feet across at the top, and therefore of thesize of the Vallum ditch : the filling was found to be dis-turbed earth containing some large stones, with a bottomof black peaty matter in which were bits of pottery, bone,and sewed leather (n;)w in the Chesters museum) to adepth of at least six feet. About 60 feet from the rampartthe black matter ceased
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