. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . was applied, using steam under apressure of about 200 pounds per squareinch. Under this steam pressure the ingotof 5 or 6 inches diameter shortened in lengthfrom 1| to 2 inches. Illingworths process (Fig. 294) consistsof casting in vertical molds, split two halves are separated during thecasting, but when the crust is formed theyare brought together by a ram. Williams system (Fig. 295) employs thesplit mold, and the two sides are pressed to-gether
. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . was applied, using steam under apressure of about 200 pounds per squareinch. Under this steam pressure the ingotof 5 or 6 inches diameter shortened in lengthfrom 1| to 2 inches. Illingworths process (Fig. 294) consistsof casting in vertical molds, split two halves are separated during thecasting, but when the crust is formed theyare brought together by a ram. Williams system (Fig. 295) employs thesplit mold, and the two sides are pressed to-gether with a liner between. The Whitworth process (Fig. 296) con-sists of using a steel mold which is placedin a hydraulic press and the fluid steel sub- Fig. 296 . , , n T 1 r> rr , ^^T the CompressioD of Steel Ingots while jected to a pressure of about 6 or 7 tons solidifying. A, main compression-cylinder. B, itsplunger. C, the carriage on which themold or flask sits. G, boss against whichthe steel in the mold is forced. KK, steeljackets for the mold. LL, the moldproper. MM, perforated cast-iron lag-ging. NN, inner sand Whitworths Hjdraulic Press per square inch of horizontal section. Un-der this pressure the ingot shortens aboutI5 inches per foot of its length. This pro-cess produces an ingot of uniform qualitythroughout and in a great measure over-comes the difficulty experienced from the (Trans. Am. Inst, of Mining Engrs., Vol. formation of blowholes and piping. The Harmet process (Fig. 297) consists in using a tapering mold and com-pressing the fluid by means of a hydraulic ram acting on the open end of themold. The effect of the tapering mold is to exert a lateral pressure which tendsto close up any axial pipes. The French Government require 28 per cent cropin uncompressed ingots and only 5 per cent in compressed ingots made at theSt. Etienne works by the Harmet process. 416 STEEL RAILS
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