China: Chinese Muslim warlord brothers Ma Bufang (left, 1903-1975) and Ma Buqing (right, 1901–1977). Ma Bufang and Ma Buqing were prominent Ma clique warlords in China during the Republic of China era, controlling armies in the northwestern province of Qinghai. Their father Ma Qi formed the Ninghai Army in Qinghai in 1915, and received civilian and military posts from the Beiyang Government in Beijing in that same year confirming his military and civilian authority in Qinghai.

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