. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 1900. The pyriform shape, typical of the fruits of Pyrus communis. historical.—There are four varieties of Russian ap- ples that may be looked on as American pioneers; these are Alexander, Tetofsky, Duchess (Borovitsky) and Red Astrachan. These varieties were imported by the Msssachusetts Horticultural Society
. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 1900. The pyriform shape, typical of the fruits of Pyrus communis. historical.—There are four varieties of Russian ap- ples that may be looked on as American pioneers; these are Alexander, Tetofsky, Duchess (Borovitsky) and Red Astrachan. These varieties were imported by the Msssachusetts Horticultural Society from the London (England) Horticultural Society about 1835. They were brought to England from Russia in the early part of the last century by the executive of the latter society. Dr. Hogg is author- ity for the statement that Alexander was cultivated for 50 years in England prior to 1808. Robert Manning, super- intendent of the test garden of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society at Salem, described these varieties from home-grown American specimens in 1839. Their productiveness and the handsome appearance of the fruit at- tracted attention. Through the efforts of Dr. Warder and other western po- mologists they were rapidly distrib- 1899. The forms of fruits. Showing, respectively, spheric-al, conical, ovate, oblong and oblate forms. winter obtains, the apples of the New England states or their descendants do not, as a rule, suffer injury except in the colder parts of Minnesota. These mild winters have followed each other w?th delusive regularity for periods of ten, fifteen or eighteen years. Under these conditions fruit-growers have been prone to efface from their memories the effects of the last "test winter " and have planted freely of the American type. With this type have been usually mingled Alexander, Oldenburg and Red Astrachan. It has been invariably noted that after the visitation of an exceptionally cold winter varieties of the Oldenburg or Alexander ty
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