Fridtiof Nansen, 1861-1893 . s quarter wasmade by a young Norwegian sealing skipper, Edward HolmJohannesen, born in 1844 in Balsfjord parish, and himselfthe son of a well-known seal-hunter. On board the schooner Nordland, Johannesen sailed firstalong the west coast of l!^ova Zembla right up to Cape Nassau {l^° N. lat.),thence back toMatotchkin Strait,through it, andsouthwards along theeast coast of NovaZembla to WaigatzStrait. Thence heproceeded eastwardto the SamoyedePeninsula, and north-ward past WhiteIsland, then westwardagain to Nova Zembla,and southward alongthe east coast of thatdouble i
Fridtiof Nansen, 1861-1893 . s quarter wasmade by a young Norwegian sealing skipper, Edward HolmJohannesen, born in 1844 in Balsfjord parish, and himselfthe son of a well-known seal-hunter. On board the schooner Nordland, Johannesen sailed firstalong the west coast of l!^ova Zembla right up to Cape Nassau {l^° N. lat.),thence back toMatotchkin Strait,through it, andsouthwards along theeast coast of NovaZembla to WaigatzStrait. Thence heproceeded eastwardto the SamoyedePeninsula, and north-ward past WhiteIsland, then westwardagain to Nova Zembla,and southward alongthe east coast of thatdouble island to Waigatz Strait. On this voyage he took aseries of soundings. Since the discoverer of the Kara Sea,the Dutchman Willem Barents, wintered in 1596-97 on theeast coast of North Nova Zembla, no one had been so nearthis coast as Edward Johannesen in 1869. Nordenskiold justly characterises these first voyagesthroucjh the Kara Sea as anions^ the most remarkable ex-ploits in the history of Arctic seamanship, and treats them. EDWARD HOLM JOHANNESEN CONTRIBUTIONS OF NORWEGIANS TO ARCTIC GEOGRAPHY 269 as opening a new era in the history of the North-EastPassage. Johannesen, who was then only twenty-five, received asilver medal from the Swedish Academy of Science, to whichhe had sent in a report of his discoveries. In forwardinghim the medal on behalf of the Academy, JSTordenskiold re-marked, by way of a joke, that a complete circumnavigationof JSTova Zembla would doubtless have earned him a goldmedal. It was not long before the suggestion made in jokewas carried out in earnest—no longer, indeed, than thefollowing year. In 1870 Johannesen sailed round the whole of NovaZembla. Through Waigatz Strait (July 12) he entered theKara Sea, and crossed it to Yalmal; then put back to ISTovaZembla, and crossed to Yalmal a second time. He had nowhis full cargo of seals, but determined, nevertheless, anddespite the fact that the summer was over, to attempt thecircumnavigation of the double i
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