. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1995 Cr^te and Desrosiers: Range Expansion of Coyotes 231. July August Sept Figure 3. Cumulative survival rate during the first year of life of 25 Caribou calves radio-tagged at birth in Gaspesie Park, Quebec, in 1989 and 1990. Births were assumed to occur on 1 June. population. Mortality rate of calves was greatest dur- ing the weeks following birth, but calf loss continued throughout the summer (Figure 3). In contrast, only one out of nine calves monitored during the winter died from an unknown cause. It was often difficult to determine the c
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1995 Cr^te and Desrosiers: Range Expansion of Coyotes 231. July August Sept Figure 3. Cumulative survival rate during the first year of life of 25 Caribou calves radio-tagged at birth in Gaspesie Park, Quebec, in 1989 and 1990. Births were assumed to occur on 1 June. population. Mortality rate of calves was greatest dur- ing the weeks following birth, but calf loss continued throughout the summer (Figure 3). In contrast, only one out of nine calves monitored during the winter died from an unknown cause. It was often difficult to determine the cause of death with certainty, even during the period when we monitored collared calves daily, because few remains were left. Coyotes were suspected in 7 of 11 cases: they were observed near the kill on two occasions, tracks were visible twice. hair was found once, and remains were dispersed in two cases. Death was attributed to Black Bears in three cases: twice, a bear was seen in the vicinity of the carcass with scats present, and the carcass was hidden on one occasion. In another case, a Golden Eagle {Aquila chrysaetos) was observed feeding on a freshly killed calf but an autopsy was not performed to confirm if the bird killed the animal. We had no indication as to the cause of the remaining five deaths, either because no sign was present near the recovered collars or because of extended time between death and radio recovery. We observed a single Coyote chasing a group of female Caribou and their calves on Mont Albert in late May 1990. A Black Bear killed on Mont Jacques-Cartier during the same period had newborn cervid hair in its stom- ach while a female Caribou stood near the bear when first seen. Between 1987 and 1992, survival was high for radio-tagged adult Caribou, with the exception of the 1990-1991 winter (Table 1). One female died in an avalanche at Mont Albert in 1988. Another female dispersed 50 km south of Mont Jacques-Cartier and was found dead by a forest worke
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