. Birds. Birds. 22 COETIBJS. The breeding-season commences about the middle of March and lasts till the beginning of the rains. These birds almost always breed in societies, selecting a group of trees in a compound or near a monastery. The nest, made of twigs and lined with hair, grass or other soft substances, is placed high up in rather tall trees, and the eggs, usually four in number, resemble closely those of the preceding species. 9. CorvTis monedula. The Jackdaw^ Corvus monedala, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 166 (1766); Blyth, Cat. p. 90; Hume, N. 8r E. p. 414; id. Cat. no. 665; Biddulph, Ibis
. Birds. Birds. 22 COETIBJS. The breeding-season commences about the middle of March and lasts till the beginning of the rains. These birds almost always breed in societies, selecting a group of trees in a compound or near a monastery. The nest, made of twigs and lined with hair, grass or other soft substances, is placed high up in rather tall trees, and the eggs, usually four in number, resemble closely those of the preceding species. 9. CorvTis monedula. The Jackdaw^ Corvus monedala, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 166 (1766); Blyth, Cat. p. 90; Hume, N. 8r E. p. 414; id. Cat. no. 665; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 77 ; Gates in Hume's N. ^ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 12. Corvus coUaris, Drummond, A. M. N. H. xviii, p. 11 (1846). (Jolaeus mouedula (Linn.), Horsf. ^ M. Cat. ii, p. 562; Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 302; Hume 8f Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 239; Sadly, S. F. iv, p. 158; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 26; Sctdly, Ibis, 1881, p. 572. Colseus collaris (Drummond), Sharpe, Cat. B. M. iii, p. 27; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. Head of C. monedula. Coloration. Forehead and crown glossy black; nape and hind neck dusky grey; sides of the head and neck light grey, almost white, and forming a half-collar on the posterior portion of the side of the neck; lores blackish; upper plumage, wings, and tail bluish black with a considerable amount of gloss ; chin and cheeks black with grey shaft-streaks ; throat and fore neck entirely black; remainder of lower plumage slaty black with a very smallamount of gloss. Legs and bill black; iris nearly white (Bresser). Length about 13; tail 5-2 ; wing 9-2 ; tarsus 1-7 ; bill from gape 1-5. ^ Jackdaws vary much inter se in the amount and purity of the white on the sides of the neck, and L cannot distinguish the race which has been separated under the title of C collaris. A certain number of birds can be picked out of a series with the half-collar very white and distinct, but others from the same localities are typical C monedula, and there are intermediate specimens. The
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