. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. STUDIES OF BEHAVIORAL STATE IN APLYSIA 267 o LJ l/l a: UJ 20-- 15-- 3 10 O 5--. D MCC Lesion, Pre-Op * • MCC Lesion, Post-Op D D Control, Pre-Op Q Q Control, Post-Op 012345678910111213 SWALLOW NUMBER Figure 9. MCC lesion and control groups mean interswallow inter- vals, measured dunng ingestion of strips of seaweed. No significant group differences were found. Data from Rosen ct ill (1989a). we found that C-PR activity affects neurons involved in three other types of responses: defensive withdrawal re- flexes (Fig. 5D), cons
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. STUDIES OF BEHAVIORAL STATE IN APLYSIA 267 o LJ l/l a: UJ 20-- 15-- 3 10 O 5--. D MCC Lesion, Pre-Op * • MCC Lesion, Post-Op D D Control, Pre-Op Q Q Control, Post-Op 012345678910111213 SWALLOW NUMBER Figure 9. MCC lesion and control groups mean interswallow inter- vals, measured dunng ingestion of strips of seaweed. No significant group differences were found. Data from Rosen ct ill (1989a). we found that C-PR activity affects neurons involved in three other types of responses: defensive withdrawal re- flexes (Fig. 5D), consummatory biting (Fig. 5B), and car- diovascular responses (Fig. 5C). The neurons involved in defensive responses were inhibited by the firing of C-PR. and in semi-intact preparations we showed that the firing of head withdrawal neurons in response to a strong tactile stimulus to the head was reduced when the C-PR neuron was permitted to fire. The rapid depression of withdrawal responses following contact with seaweed may therefore be due either in part, or wholly, to an active inhibition, rather than to low frequency depression, as appears to be the case for habituation of the gill and siphon reflex to tactile stimulation (Castellucci el al, 1970). Firing of C-PR evokes complex mixtures of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic responses in abdominal ganglion neurons controlling the heart and blood vessels (Fig. 5C). These effects could contribute to aspects of cardiovascular responses that occur during food-induced arousal. The cerebral ganglion neurons involved in consum- matory behaviors generally receive pure excitation when C-PR is fired. These neurons include command-like ele- ments for biting (CBI-2) and the metacerebral cells (MCCs). The MCCs modulate the muscles and neurons that effectuate biting and account, in part, for the build- up of the speed and magnitude of successive bites, which occurs during consummatory arousal (Rosen el ai, 1989a). In contrast to the C-PR, t
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