. A short history of England and the British Empire. But she was also shrewd, spirited,and independent; she was determined in her purposes, andin every real crisis she displayed remarkable strength andself-reliance. 247. Her Ministers. During her entire reign Queen Eliza-beth was the actual ruler of the kingdom, though the policiesof the government wereoften those of her advis-ers rather than her queen had the ad-vantage of living in anage when the intellect ofEngland flourished asnever before. Therewas, therefore, nodearth of able counsel-ors, and Elizabeth exer-cised great discretion
. A short history of England and the British Empire. But she was also shrewd, spirited,and independent; she was determined in her purposes, andin every real crisis she displayed remarkable strength andself-reliance. 247. Her Ministers. During her entire reign Queen Eliza-beth was the actual ruler of the kingdom, though the policiesof the government wereoften those of her advis-ers rather than her queen had the ad-vantage of living in anage when the intellect ofEngland flourished asnever before. Therewas, therefore, nodearth of able counsel-ors, and Elizabeth exer-cised great discretion inher choice of high ofn-cials. During the earlierpart of her reign twomen held the chief placesin her council: WilliamCecil, later created Lord T JT, , . ^ Burleigh, Lord Burleigh. b one of the most capable among English statesmen, who was secretary of state; and Matthew Matthew Parker, a clear-headed theologian and able eccle- Parker. siastical statesman who succeeded Reginald Pole as archbishop of Canterbury. Both of these men had decided Prot-. William Cecil, Lord BurleighFrom a portrait by Gheeraerts. THE CHIEF PROBLEMS 275 estant leanings, but neither was an extremist. Associated withBurleigh and Parker was Nicholas Bacon, who held Nicholasthe high office of lord chancellor, but played a Bacon-lesser part in the queens government. The three were allCambridge men and firmly believed in a church establishmentof the type that had been outlined in the reforms of ThomasCranmer. 248. The Chief Problems. The two questions that had beenuppermost at the accession of Mary Tudor, religion and thequeens marriage, also came into immediate prominence at thebeginning of the new reign. However, the settlement that wasreached was vastly different. Both for personal and politicalreasons, perhaps, Elizabeth did not marry. For political,perhaps also for personal reasons, she made the English churchProtestant. In determining the form of the The religiousreligious settlement, the queen had a
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