. Insect pests of farm, garden and orchard . e difficult to combat. Life History.—The winter is passed in the pupal state, thepupffi being about one-halfinch long and being foundin cells one-quarter to one-half an inch below the sur-face. The moths emergein the spring and thefemales lay their eggs ongrass in clusters of fifty ormore, each mass beingcovered with the mouse-colored hairs from the bodyof the female. The eggshatch in about ten daysand the caterpillars arefound during May andJune. The complete lifehistory of the insect hasnot been carefully followed,but it seems probable thatthere a
. Insect pests of farm, garden and orchard . e difficult to combat. Life History.—The winter is passed in the pupal state, thepupffi being about one-halfinch long and being foundin cells one-quarter to one-half an inch below the sur-face. The moths emergein the spring and thefemales lay their eggs ongrass in clusters of fifty ormore, each mass beingcovered with the mouse-colored hairs from the bodyof the female. The eggshatch in about ten daysand the caterpillars arefound during May andJune. The complete lifehistory of the insect hasnot been carefully followed,but it seems probable thatthere are but two complete generations in the North, three gen-erations in the latitude of central and southern Illinois and theDistrict of Columbia, and four in the extreme South. In anyevent, the destructive brood of caterpillars appears in xVugust andearly September. The parent moth is of a general yellowish, ash-gray color,with the second pair of wings almost transparent, but with apurplish reflection. In extent of wings it measures about l\. Fig. 88.—The fall army-worm: a, moth,plain gray form; h, fore wing of Pro-denia-like form; c, larva extended; d,abdominal segment of larva, side view;e, pupa; d, twice natural size, othersenlarged one-fourth. (After Chittenden,U. S. Dept. Agr.) 120 INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD inches, and when closed the length of the insect is about three-quarters of an inch. The front wings are mottled or marbled,especially near the central area, and usually there is visiblea fine white line a short distance from the edge and parallelto it. The hind-wings have a fringe of darker hair as wellas veins that contrast somewhat with the lighter portion(Fig. 88). Control.—Deep fall plowing and thorough harrowung willbreak up the pupal cells and thus largely prevent the develop-ment of the spring brood of moths. In perennial crops likealfalfa thorough disking may be used and on lawns deep rakingwith a long-toothed steel rake will kill many of the
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