. Industrial history of the United States, from the earliest settlements to the present time: being a complete survey of American industries, embracing agriculture and horticulture; including the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, wheat; the raising of horses, neat-cattle, etc.; all the important manufactures, shipping and fisheries, railroads, mines and mining, and oil; also a history of the coal-miners and the Molly Maguires; banks, insurance, and commerce; trade-unions, strikes, and eight-hour movement; together with a description of Canadian industries . swindles, and failed out-rageously. By
. Industrial history of the United States, from the earliest settlements to the present time: being a complete survey of American industries, embracing agriculture and horticulture; including the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, wheat; the raising of horses, neat-cattle, etc.; all the important manufactures, shipping and fisheries, railroads, mines and mining, and oil; also a history of the coal-miners and the Molly Maguires; banks, insurance, and commerce; trade-unions, strikes, and eight-hour movement; together with a description of Canadian industries . swindles, and failed out-rageously. By 1859 there were left in New-York State only twenty-eight ofthe sixty-two mutuals doing business in 1853 ; and of the twenty-eight themajority had been organized under special charters prior to 1846, and hadadhered strictly to the mutual plan. By i860 only seven of the nearly sixtymutuals formed under the law of 1849 still survived in New-York State. OF THE UNITED STATES. 833 Twenty-one mutuals failed in Pennsylvania from 1853 to i860, owing to thesame causes; that is to say, an erroneous plan of doing business, and thedeliberate swindling of speculators who organized the companies for the sakeof large salaries and plunder. In Massachusetts the mutual companies whichwere formed from 1844 to i860 were nearly every one of them closed by thelatter year through the action of the courts, or by consolidation with betterconcerns. Pennsylvania was the champion State of the intentionally boguscompanies; but scarce any State in the North was free from STEAM FIRE-ENGINE. It is difficult to obtain exact statistics concerning the fire-insurance busi-ness in the United States, owing to the absence of laws in many of theStates requiring reports; but the situation in i860 in the New- StatisticsEngland and Middle States, including a hundred and forty com-panies in the South and West, was as follows : 417 companies; capital, $40,-000,000 ; cash premiums paid every year, $25,000,000 ; fire
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