. Journal. is required For the work in addition to the by this method is necessarily very slow, the usualnumber of strokes which the writer has seen delivered perminute being siv or seven. Moreover, the maximum weightof the tools capable of being nsed with a hand rig is notsufficiently great for expeditious work or deep drilling, andin fact, very hard strata can scarcely be penetrated withsuch a system. When a bit requires dressing (or sharpen-ing), or the hole is full of detritus, the drilling tools aredrawn up into the derrick by means of a wire rope coiled mithe larger wind
. Journal. is required For the work in addition to the by this method is necessarily very slow, the usualnumber of strokes which the writer has seen delivered perminute being siv or seven. Moreover, the maximum weightof the tools capable of being nsed with a hand rig is notsufficiently great for expeditious work or deep drilling, andin fact, very hard strata can scarcely be penetrated withsuch a system. When a bit requires dressing (or sharpen-ing), or the hole is full of detritus, the drilling tools aredrawn up into the derrick by means of a wire rope coiled mithe larger windlass, the rods being disconnected one by well is then cleared out with the sand-pump I), which isa cylinder provided at the lower end with a valve openinginwards. The sand-pump is lowered into the well by theuse of the smaller windlass, and when it reaches tinbottom the valve is pushed open by the projecting stem L,and the mud flows in. As the cylinder is raised, the valve,of course, closes. Fig. About the year 1867 attempts were first made in Galiciato substitute steam power for manual labour in same general arrangement of rig, with free-fall jars,was at first adopted, and is, indeed, still in use to someextent. In one installation which the writer saw in opera-tion in the Sloboda-Rungurska district the piston of thesteam cylinder was directly connected with the end of thebeam, the tools being suspended from the opposite end, butusually the oscillation of the beam is effected by means ofan ordinary steam engine with driving-wheel, the recipro-cating motion being given by a crank and connecting introduction of steam power enabled the driller to usefar heavier tools, the weight of the falling portion rangingfrom 800 to 1,000 kilogrammes, and rendered the work moreexpeditious, the writer having seen as many as 40 blows ofthe bit delivered each minute. The free-fall jars employedare shown in Fig. 4 (P P). While, however, the substitution of-team po
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1880, booksubjectchemist, bookyear1882
