. Butterflies. Vol. Lepidoptera. Xll 1NTEODUCTION. b'. Front pair of legs perfect in "both sexes. a2. Vein 1 a in hind wing wanting; claws simple Papilionidae. b2. Vein 1 a in hind wing present; claws bifid Pieridae. b. Precostal nervure in hind wing absent .... Lycaenidae. B. Antennae wide apart at base; hind tibiae generally with a medial as well as a terminal pair of spurs ; all the veins in the fore wing from base or from cell, none forked or coincident beyond Hesperiidae. Opinions vary as to the probable line of descent of the butter- flies. Packard considers that the moths of
. Butterflies. Vol. Lepidoptera. Xll 1NTEODUCTION. b'. Front pair of legs perfect in "both sexes. a2. Vein 1 a in hind wing wanting; claws simple Papilionidae. b2. Vein 1 a in hind wing present; claws bifid Pieridae. b. Precostal nervure in hind wing absent .... Lycaenidae. B. Antennae wide apart at base; hind tibiae generally with a medial as well as a terminal pair of spurs ; all the veins in the fore wing from base or from cell, none forked or coincident beyond Hesperiidae. Opinions vary as to the probable line of descent of the butter- flies. Packard considers that the moths of the family Castniidce are their predecessors; Meyrick traces their descent from the Thyrididce group Pyralidina of the Frenatse, Hampson from the Zyr/cenidce. However this may be, a provisional genetic tree for the butterflies can be constructed as below. Nymphalidce. Nemeobidce. Pierida>.. Lyccenidcp. Hespeviidce. Hypothetical Moth Ancestor. The evidence of one family group of the butterflies being derived from another is entirely inconclusive. Specialization of forms has followed often parallel lines in all the families, but similar specialization, when it occurs in different groups, is no proof of genetic descent, but of independent development along similar lines. The tendency in modern Systematic Natural History is to'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Bingham, Charles Thomas, 1848-1908. London, Taylor and Francis; Calcutta and Simla, Thacker, Spink, & Co. ; [etc. ,etc. ]
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