Italy: 'The School of Athens'. Fresco by Raphael (1483-1520), 1509. The Moorish philosopher Averroes or Ahmad Ibn Rushd (1126 - 10 December 1198) from Cordoba, al-Andalus, stands in the left foreground clad in green, peering over the shoulder of Pythagoras. Abū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd, better known as Ibn Rushd and in European literature as Averroes, was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy and more.

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